DNA polymerase binds two divalent metal ions (typically Mg2+ orZn2+) that alter the chemical environment around the correctly base-paired dNTP and the 3’-OH of the primer

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1611

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Structures of TLR2/1 with a bound lipopeptide and TLR3 with dsRNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1612

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLR4 move from the plasma membrane to endosomes/ lysosomes after binding LPS or other PAMPs.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1613

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-₭B is key for inducing many innate and inflammatory genes, including those encoding defensins; enzymes such as iNOS.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1614

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-ᾳ, IL-1, and IL-6, produced by macrophages and dendritic cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1615

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

C-type lectin receptor CLRs are plasma membrane receptors expressed variably on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T-cell subsets.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1616

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Humans CLRs that function as PRRs, most of which recognize one or more specific sugar moieties such as mannose (e.g., the mannose receptor and DC-SIGN), fucose (e.g., Dectin-2 and DC-SIGN), and glucans (e.g., Dectin-1).