The overall reaction rate for the bacterial RNA polymerase can be as fast as 40–50 nucleotides/second at 37°C for most transcripts; this is about the same as the rate of translation (15 amino acids/sec), but much slower than the rate of DNA replication (800 bp/sec).

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Potassium channels remain open for another few tenths of a second, with resultant excess negativity inside the fiber; this process is called hyperpolarization.

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#Id: 8053

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

1. Alanine is can be mutated to

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#Id: 7046

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Ronald A. Fisher, John B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright- which showed that mutation and natural selection together cause adaptive evolution.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Mutations in the rpoB gene can reduce termination at a rho-dependent site.  Mutations in rpoB can restore the ability to terminate transcription at rho-dependent sites in rho mutant bacteria.

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#Id: 2592

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The logic for hotstart PCR is as follows, most DNA samples used as template will have some single-stranded DNA.