The mtDNAs of most multicellular animals are approximately 16-kb circular molecules that encode intron-less genes compactly arranged on both DNA strands.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Elicitor Caeliferins secreted by grasshoppers act as elicitors of jasmonic acid accumulation and ethylene emission

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phloem feeders activate the salicylic acid signaling pathway, as similar to pathogen infections.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Mp10 and Mp42 are effector produced by aphid Myzus persicae.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When plants recognize elicitors from insect saliva, An increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) is an early signal that mediates insect elicitor–induced responses.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In Arabidopsis, a calmodulin-binding transcriptional

regulator called IQD1 mediates of defense responses against insect herbivory. IQD1 binds calmodulin, a major Ca2+-binding protein

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

JA initiates biosynthesis of defense proteins as a-amylase inhibitors. Most of these proteins interfere with the herbivore digestive system.