Adaptation to water viscosity

Some small aquatic organisms exploit the high viscosity of water by evolving large appendages

Streamlined shapes that reduce the drag caused by the high viscosity of water

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Proximal tubule epithelial cells are highly metabolic and have large numbers of mitochondria to support

powerful active transport processes.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In early proximal convoluted tubule

sodium is reabsorbed by co-transport along with glucose, amino acids, & other solutes

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Late proximal tubule reabsorbs primarily NaCl.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In late proximal convoluted tubule

High tubular fluid Cl− concentration is the driving

force for reabsorption

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

There are two components for Cl− reabsorption:

Transcellular

Paracellular

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Function of the two exchangers is to transport NaCl from the lumen into the cell:

Na+-H+ exchanger

Cl−-formate− anion exchanger