In the bacterial genome, the minimum length of promoter that could provide an adequate signal is 12 bp.  The minimum length required for unique recognition increases with the size of genome, a problem in eukaryotic genomes.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Important quantitation of lung function can be gleaned from the displacement of air volume during inspiration and expiration.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Volumes and capacities of the lung are measured with a spirometer.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A spirogram indicating changes in lung volume under different conditions of breathing.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

There are four pulmonary lung volumes:

1. Tidal volume
2. Inspiratory reserve volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Residual volume

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Tidal volume (TV)
The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Tidal volume normally amounts to about 500–750 mL in the average adult male.