PRR‐triggered immunity (PTI) of plant cells places selective pressures on potentially pathogenic species to suppress effector response.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Necrotrophy where the plant cells are killed in advance of infection

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Biotrophy where the plant cells remain alive throughout infection

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hemibiotrophy where the pathogen initially keeps cells alive but at later stages of the infection, kills them.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Necrotrophic species produces cell wall‐degrading enzymes tend to attack a broad range of plant species

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Oomycetes (fungus‐like organisms), brown algae and mammalian parasites as Plasmodium falciparum and fungi can be biotrophic, necrotrophic, or hemibiotrophic plant pathogens

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Some necrotrophs produce host‐selective toxins as HC toxin produced by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum of maize (Zea mays) inhibits histone deacetylase activity.