Trade off - A giving up of one thing in return for another.

Causes of trade off

More mortality in their offspring 

Limitation of food

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8956

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Mixtures of exons duplicated from genes with different functions can generate new genes with new functions, a process that is called exon shuffling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8957

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Gene duplication happens on a massive scale when whole genome duplication occur. whole genome duplication are two type, 

1.Autopolyploid

2.Allopolyploid

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#Id: 8958

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Genetic exchange also happens between distantly related organisms by horizontal gene transfer, or HGT.

HGT is particularly important to prokarytotes and is the most common way by which they acquire new genes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8959

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Intimacy between the genomes of the mitochondria and the nucleus within a cell, it may not be surprising that extensive HGT has occurred between them

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8960

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Duplicate gene and its parental copy can subfunctionalize so that each carries out only some of the roles that the ancestral gene performed. 

Ex- a duplicate of the β-hemoglobin locus is expressed in the fetus. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8961

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

No matter how it is born, a new gene starts its life as a single copy in the population.

As with any new mutation, by far the most likely outcome is that it will be lost by random drift or selection over the next few generations