The coplanar relationship of the atoms in the amide group is highlighted as an imaginary

shaded plane lying between two successive a-carbon atoms in the peptide backbone.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9521

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The nematode‐secreted peptide 16D10, which was first isolated from the soybean root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, interacts with a plant regulatory protein, stimulates root growth, and binds in planta to two SCARECROW‐like transcription factors.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9522

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The bacterial blight pathogen of rice (Oryza sativa), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, secretes a highly conserved sulfated peptide called Ax21, which mediates quorum sensing by controlling Xanthomonas motility, biofilm formation, and virulence.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9523

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Three major types of insect herbivores

Phloem feeders, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells. Phloem feeders insert their narrow stylet, which is an elongated mouthpart, into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9524

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The amount of direct injury to the plant is low, when these insects serve as vectors for plant viruses they can cause great damage.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9525

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cell-content feeders, such as mites and thrips, are piercing-and-sucking insects that cause an intermediate amount of physical damage to plant cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9526

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chewing insects, such as caterpillars, grasshoppers, and beetles, cause the most significant damage to plants.