Dynein-related transport requires dynactin, that links dynein to its cargo

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

R gene Mi-1 confers resistance to aphids and whiteflies

Rice R gene Bph14 confers resistance to the brown plant hopper

Melon R gene Vat confers resistance to the cotton aphid. 

All of these R genes encode NBS–LRR receptors.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Tomato Cf genes is also encodes a R proteins that recognize apoplastic effectors are receptor‐like proteins (RLPs) against the extracellular colonizing fungus Cladosporium fulvum for Avr9

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Lr34 of wheat, maize Rp1 locus, Xa21 in rice and tomato Pto gene are R genes

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Mutations in the EDS1 (SA synthesis) (ENHANCED DISEASE SENSITIVITY 1) gene eliminate race‐specific resistance mediated by the TIR‐NB‐LRR class of R proteins

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Four major pathogens infects plants most frequently

1. Viruses

2. Bacteria

3. Fungi

4. Insects

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Late blight disease (A), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Black stem rust, which results from infection by the basidiomycete Puccinia graminis

Global banana (Musa spp.) production is under threat from black Sigatoka disease Mycosphaerella fijiensis.