Phosphatase is recruited to centromeric by the Shugoshin family of proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6293

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6294

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In holoenzyme Region 1.1 of s is highly negatively charged hence region 1.1 acts as a molecular mimic of DNA

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6295

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

An additional DNA element that binds RNA polymerase is found in some strong promoters, for example, those directing expression of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. This is called an UP-element and increases polymerase binding by providing an additional specific interaction between the enzyme and the DNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6296

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The start point is usually (90% of the time) a purine. It is common for the start point to be the central base in the sequence CAT, but the conservation of this triplet is not great enough to regard it as an obligatory signal.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6297

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Down mutations to decrease promoter efficiency usually decrease conformance to the consensus sequences, whereas up mutations have the opposite effect.

 Mutations in the -35 sequence can affect initial binding of RNA polymerase.

Mutations in the -10 sequence can affect binding or the melting reaction that converts a closed to an open complex.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6298

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The transition from the closed to the open complex involves structural changes in the enzyme and the opening of the DNA double helix to reveal the template and nontemplate strands. This “melting” occurs between positions –11 and +2, with respect to the transcription start site.