Proportion of base pairs that differ between sequences(D) 

D= 2rt

r  = rate of divergence per base pair per million  

T = time

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Lod (logarithm of odds) scores

To determine the probability that genes are actually linked, geneticists often calculate lod (logarithm of odds) scores. 

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

To obtain a lod score, we calculate 

the probability of obtaining the observed results under the assumption that the genes are linked with a specified degree of recombination

the probability of obtaining the observed results under the assumption of independent assortment.

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Suppose recombination frequency is 0.1, and that the probability of obtaining the same observations under the assumption of independent assortment is 0.0001. 

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A lod score of 3 or higher is usually considered convincing evidence for linkage.

A lod score of -2 or lower is usually considered convincing evidence for independent assortment.