Autonomously specified cells capable of differentiating autonomously (i.e., by itself) when placed in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10517

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Caspases

are so named because they contain a key cysteine residue in the catalytic site and selectively cleave proteins at sites just C-terminal to aspartate residues

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10518

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Caspases function as homodimers with one domain of each stabilizing the active site of the other; they mediate apoptosis by proteolytic cleavage of selected substrates

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10519

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

During apoptosis, increasing amounts of phosphatidylserine are found in the exoplasmic leaflet, where it acts as an “eat me” signal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10520

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In normal vertebrate cells, ATP-powered phospholipid flippases  (members of the ABC transporter) called 

ATP11A and ATP11C

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10521

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10522

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In resting cells 

ATP11A and ATP11C, continuously transport phosphatidylserine from the outer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.