Three types of C4 photosynthesis are known, differing both in the four‐carbon acids transported between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and the mechanism of decarboxylation in the bundle sheath cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6099

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are two kind of mutation 

1. Base substitution

2. Frameshift

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6100

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6101

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6102

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

5-bromouracil induces transitions in both directions, A:T ↔ G:C Deamination of adenine results in A:T → G:C transitions and the deamination of cytosine produces G:C → A:T transitions, so nitrous acid induces transitions in both directions

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6103

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

EMS causes ethylation of the bases in DNA at the 7-N and the 6-O positions. When 7-ethylguanine is produced, it base-pairs with thymine to cause G:C → A:T transitions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6104

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Base alkylation products activate error-prone DNA repair processes that introduce transitions, transversions, and frameshift mutations during the repair process