An evolutionarily conserved family of signaling molecules, TGF-β superfamily includes: 

TGF-β family, Nodal and activin families, BMPs, Vg1 family, GDNF, AMH

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9002

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Prior to CO2 fixation, Activation of RUBISCO/Carbamylation of RUBISCO takes place

1. Two protons are released. 

2. Binding of CO2 molecule on NH2 group

3. Binding of Mg2+ concentration upon illumination

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#Id: 9003

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9004

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

CO2 functions both as an activator and as a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by rubisco.

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#Id: 9005

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Most of the regulation between nucleus and plastids is anterograde: products of nuclear genes control the transcription and translation of plastid genes..

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#Id: 9006

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The signals flow from the chloroplast to the nucleus is retrograde:

plastidial ferrochelatase I catalyzes the synthesis of heme, which in turn regulates the expression of nuclear encoded, chloroplast‐targeted proteins in greening leaves.

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#Id: 9007

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Forms I, II, and III are catalytically competent, while members of form IV lack Rubisco activity and play other roles in metabolism.