Smad2/3 become phosphorylated by active RI receptors and together with Smad4 move into the nucleus to activate gene transcription

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The function of the ventricles is described by the following three parameters: 

Stroke volume 

Ejection fraction 

Cardiac output

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected in each stroke volume, which is a measure of ventricular efficiency.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Cardiac output is the total volume ejected by the ventricle per unit time.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that 

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. The volume present at the end of diastole depends on the volume returned to the heart, or the venous return.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Agents that increase contractility have a Positive inotropic effect.