Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Natality means production of new individuals (offspring). 

Maximum or Absolute natality - maximum offspring produced under most suitable environmental conditions. 

Ecological natality - refers to number of offspring produced under prevailing environmental conditions.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Conserved motifs, usually present in many copies on the surface of a bacterium, fungal cell, parasite, or virus particle, are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T-Cell Development

1.Commitment

2.antigen receptor gene rearrangements

3.The selection and expansion of cells (β-selection

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

IPT1, IPT3, IPT5, and IPT8 are located in plastids, and the relative expression levels of IPT3 and IPT5 are higher than the other IPTs