Feedback regulation by MAP Kinase

Active MAP kinase phosphorylates Raf on multiple sites, reducing its association with Ras.

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Chromothripsis

entire chromosomes or large parts of chromosomes are shattered and stitched together, leading to dozens or sometimes even hundreds of rearrangements

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Warburg effect

Cancer cells and proliferating cells convert most glucose to lactate regardless of whether oxygen is present or not. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Warburg effect

The production of lactate in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic glycolysis

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Cancer- specific metabolite

2-Hydroxyglutarate produce by mutated IDH

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Angiogenesis

The developmental process for the formation of blood vessels that are needed to supply nutrients to a growing tumor

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Growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis:

Basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-α, and VEGF