You have isolated a set of five yeast mutants that form dark red colonies instead of the usual white colonies of wild-type yeast. You cross each of the mutants to a wild-type haploid strain and obtain the results shown below;

y

you cross each haploid mutant strain to a different haploid mutant of the opposite mating type. What type of mutation shown in the above figure;

#Question id: 1374

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Following statements are regarding to gap junctions.

i. Vertebrate gap junctions are composed of connexins, a family of structurally related transmembrane proteins with molecular weights between 26,000 and 60,000.

ii. Each vertebrate hexagonal particle consists of six noncovalently associated connexin molecules. Each individual connexin molecule has two membrane-spanning α helices with a topology similar to that of claudin.

iii. The permeability of gap junctions is regulated by posttranslational modification of connexins (e.g., phosphorylation) and is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions

such as intracellular pH and Ca2+ concentration, membrane potential, and the intercellular potential between adjacent interconnected cells (“voltage gating”).

iv. The assembly of connexins, their trafficking within cells, and the formation of functional gap junctions apparently depend on N-cadherin and its associated adapter proteins as well as desmosomal proteins.

Which of the following statements are correct?

#Question id: 1375

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Four ECM ubiquitous protein components, each of which comprises multiple, distinct, repeating domains, are found in basal laminae. Given below are a list of some extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in column A and their characteristics in column B.

Which one of the following is the most appropriate match?

#Question id: 1376

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about gap junctions?

#Question id: 1377

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following statements apply to both eukaryotic cell walls and animal cell extracellular matrices? Please select all that apply.

a) They are inflexible structures that support cells.

b) They are built to a common overall structure that can be described as 'fibres in a matrix'.

c) Their protein components are synthesized by ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

d) They limit the diffusion of ions and small molecules into the cell.

#Question id: 1378

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following apply to fibronectins? Please select all that apply.

a) They are disulphide linked dimers, with each polypeptide composed of a number of binding domains joined together by short flexible segments.

b) They have an essential role in linking the extracellular matrix to its underlying cells.

c) Like integrins, fibronectins are directly connected to the cytoskeleton.

d) They participate in 'inside out' and 'outside in' signalling mechanisms.

#Question id: 1379

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following statements apply to cellulose? Please select all that apply.

a) It is a polyglucose containing beta 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

b) It is a major component of plant cell walls

c) It is a polyglucose containing beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

d) It is a major component of Gram negative cell walls.