The use of wild type pTi as a vector presents the following three problems.

1. Presence of oncogenes (iaaM, iaaH and ipt) in T-DNA, which causes a disorganised growth and a loss of regeneration potentiaLof the cells having T-DNA in their genomes.

2. Their large size makes the handling procedures during cloning tedious and cumbersome.

3. A general lack of unique cloning sites within the T-DNA, which are needed for the insertion of DNA segments to be cloned

In the above mention’s problems, 1 and 3 can removed by disarming and creating MCS, to overcome from 2nd problem need to develop

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#Question id: 15300

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In hippo signaling pathway, the activation of the Cdx2 gene in the trophoblast cells appears to be regulated by the Yap protein, which in turn is a cofactor for the transcription factor Tead4. Tead4 is found in the ________blastocyst

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#Question id: 15301

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Initially, the morula does not have an internal cavity. However, during a process, cavitation, the trophoblast cells secrete fluid into the morula to create a blastocoel, these 

membranes of trophoblast cells contain_______?

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#Question id: 15302

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

FOXP1 is a transcription factor which stimulate the production of Oct4 and Nanog and establish pluripotency. Which of the following statements are correct regarding to the mechanism of alternative splicing of FOXP1. 

A. There are two isoforms of the FoxP1 protein, One is the product of an mRNA spliced to include a particular exon, 18b, while the other splicing variant carries exon 18a.

B. When alternative splicing generates a form including exon 18b in place of 18a, the resulting isoform (FOXP1-ES) binds to a different DNA sequence and thus controls expression of a different set of genes.

C. The protein encoded by the exon 18b– carrying mRNA is called FOXP1-ES it fails to stimulate expression of OCT4 and NANOG and instead actives genes that promote differentiation. 

D. The exon 18a– containing form encodes FOXP1 itself, and this has the opposite effect: this activates genes that promote dedifferentiation, and thus stimulates iPS cell formation.

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#Question id: 15303

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Neurofibromatosis, a benign tumor of the sheath cells that surround nerves, is caused by

a.  Loss of both alleles of NF1

b.  Mutation in RAS GAP-type protein

c.  A single mutant NF1 allele

d.  Mutation in SRC protein

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#Question id: 15304

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An activating mutation of one of the two alleles of a proto-oncogene converts it into an oncogene, This can occur by EXCEPT

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 15305

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The multi-hit model, which proposes that multiple mutations are needed to cause cancer, which of the following is incorrect regarding to this model?