Following statements are regarding to the Surveillance mechanisms in cell cycle regulation.

A. Surveillance mechanisms known as checkpoint pathways establish dependencies among cell cycle events and ensure that the next cell cycle event does not occur prior to the completion of a preceding event.

B. In response to DNA damage, two related protein kinases, ATM and ATR, are recruited to the site of the damage, where they activate signaling pathways that lead to cell cycle arrest, repair, and under some circumstances, apoptosis.

C. The spindle assembly checkpoint pathway, which causes initiation of anaphase, utilizes Mad2 and other proteins to regulate APC/CCdc20, which targets securing and mitotic cyclins for ubiquitinylation.

D. The spindle position checkpoint pathway prevents mitotic CDK inactivation when the spindle is mispositioned. In this pathway, localized activators and inhibitors and a sensor that shuttles between them allow cells to sense spindle position.

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

#Question id: 5048

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

when a cell or tissue is capable of differentiating autonomously even when placed into another region of the embryo or a cluster of differently specified cells in a petri dish. This cell or tissue said to be-

#Question id: 5049

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The fundamental notion of a stem cell is that it can make more stem cells while also producing cells committed to undergoing differentiation. This process is called as-

#Question id: 5050

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

A stem cell capable of producing all the cell types of a lineage(embryonic and extraembryonic) is said to be-

#Question id: 5051

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

fter the 8-cell stage, the mammalian embryo develops an outer layer (which becomes the fetal portion of the placenta), and an inner cell mass that generates all the cells of embryo. The cells of the inner cell mass are thus said to be-

#Question id: 5052

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

cell populations within each germ layer expand and differentiate, resident stem cells are maintained within these developing tissues and function to generate cell types with restricted specificity for the tissue in which they reside. these stem cells are-

#Question id: 5053

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Local cell signaling is carried out via membrane receptors that bind to proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) or directly to receptors from a neighboring cell in a process called as-