About thirteen different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?

#Question id: 3480

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Which of the following statements about learning and behavior is correct?

A) Operant conditioning involves associating a behavior with a reward or punishment.

B) Associative learning involves linking one stimulus with another.

C) Behavior can be modified by learning, but some apparent learning is due to maturation.

D) Imprinting is a learned behavior with an innate component acquired during a sensitive period.

#Question id: 3481

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that

A) classical conditioning takes longer.

B) operant conditioning usually involves more intelligence.

C) operant conditioning involves consequences for the animalʹs behavior.

D) classical conditioning is restricted to mammals and birds.

#Question id: 3482

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Which statement below about mating behavior is correct?

A) Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic interactions.

B) The degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the degree of prenatal and postnatal input the parents are required to make.

C) The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair.

D) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single male and many females, but in some species this is reversed

#Question id: 3483

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?

A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.

B) An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness.

C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not completely evolved but will eventually,become optimal.

#Question id: 3484

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its benefit. Under which relationship might a behavior be performed?

A) cost is greater than the benefit

B) cost is less than the benefit

C) cost is equal to the benefit

#Question id: 3485

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Optimal foraging involves all of the following except

A) maximizing energy gained by the forager.

B) minimizing energy expended by the forager.

C) securing essential nutrients for the forager.

D) minimizing the risk of predation on the forager.

E) maximizing the population size of the forager