In developmental biology, what is meant by the concept of "growth"?

a) Growth occurs through increases in cell size.

b) Growth occurs through increases in cell number.

c) Growth can result from increases in the volume of extracellular matrix between cells.

d) Cell death is an important determinant of overall growth.

Which of the following is correct?

#Question id: 1133

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

What tertiary structure characterizes all cytokines?

#Question id: 1134

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Arrange the following proteins in the proper order in which they become activated in the MAPK signaling pathway:

a. MAP kinase                         b. MEK           c. Ras              d. Raf              e. RTK            

#Question id: 1135

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following is a direct substrate of MAP kinase?

a. TCF             b. SRF             c. SRE             d. p90RSK      e. CREB

#Question id: 1136

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following signaling pathways can be activated by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases?

a. phospholipase Cγ                b. PI-3 kinase

c. MAP kinase                         d. none of the above

#Question id: 1137

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A loss-of-function mutation in PTEN phosphatase results in

a. increased cell proliferation.            

b. decreased cell proliferation.

c. increased apoptosis.                                   

d. decreased apoptosis.

#Question id: 1138

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A loss-of-function mutation in Wnt would have a phenotype similar to a

a. gain-of-function mutation in GSK-3.                    

b. gain-of-function mutation in β-catenin.

c. loss-of-function mutation in GSK-3.                     

d. loss-of-function mutation in β-catenin.