Following statements are regarding to PAR proteins and the establishment of polarity during early development in nematodes.

A. The internal cytoplasm contains PAR-3, PAR-6, and PKC-3, and the cortical cytoplasm contains PAR-2 and PAR-1.

B. PAR-3 and PAR-6, interacting with the protein kinase PKC-3 are uniformly distributed in the cortical cytoplasm. PKC-3 restricts PAR-1 and PAR-2 to the internal cytoplasm by phosphorylating them.

C. Once PAR-1 is in the cortical cytoplasm, it phosphorylates PAR-3, causing PAR-3 (and its binding partner, PKC-3) to leave the cortex.

D. During first cleavage, the metaphase plate is closer to the posterior, and the fertilized egg is divided into two cells, one having the anterior PARs (PAR-1 and PAR-2) and one having the posterior PARs (PAR-3 and PAR-6).

Which of the following statements are correct?

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#Question id: 12478

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Life tables are most useful in determining which of the following?

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#Question id: 12479

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Use the survivorship curves in Figure to answer the following questions

Which curve best describes survivorship in marine mollusks?

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#Question id: 12480

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A patient’s one remaining kidney has moderate renal artery stenosis that reduces renal artery pressure distal to the stenosis to 85 mm Hg, compared with the normal level of 100 mm Hg. Which of the following is most likely decreased in this patient 2 weeks after the stenosis has occurred, assuming that his diet is unchanged?

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#Question id: 12481

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Following statements are regarding to Kinetochore-microtubule interaction in S. cerevisiae.

A. In the simple kinetochore of S. cerevisiae, a protein complex called CBF3 associates with specialized, centromere-specific form of histone H3, called CENP-A.

B. The Ndc80 complexes initially make lateral interactions with a spindle microtubule and subsequently interact with a Dam1 complex, which forms a ring around the end of the microtubule. This interaction results in an end-on attachment of the centromere to the

spindle microtubule.

C. Microtubules that “capture” kinetochores are selectively stabilized by a reduction in the rate of catastrophes, which increases the chance that the attachment will persist.

D. With the two kinetochores attached to opposite poles, the duplicated chromosome is now under tension, being pulled in both directions by the one sets of kinetochore microtubules.

Which of the following combinations is correct?

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#Question id: 12482

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The Rb protein has been called the “master brake” of the cell cycle. How the Rb protein acts as a cell cycle brake?

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#Question id: 12483

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATM and ATR are protein kinases that become activated following specific types of DNA damage. 

A. ATM becomes activated in response to double‐strand breaks, which are detected by the MRN protein complex. 

B. ATR becomes activated by protein‐coated ssDNA that forms when replication forks become stalled or the DNA is being repaired after various types of damage.

C. ATR phosphorylates and activates the checkpoint kinase Chk2, which phosphorylates p53. D. ATM phosphorylates and activates the checkpoint kinase Chk1, which phosphorylates and inactivates the phosphatase Cdc25.

Which of the following combination is incorrect?