C₄ cycle has been associated with a particular leaf structure, called Kranz anatomy, typical Kranz anatomy exhibits an inner ring of bundle sheath cells around vascular tissues and an outer layer of mesophyll cells. This particular leaf anatomy generates a diffusion barrier that is

 a.) separates the uptake of atmospheric carbon in mesophyll cells from CO2 assimilation by rubisco in bundle sheath cells

 b.) limits the leakage of CO2 from bundle sheath to mesophyll cells

 c.) diffusion gradients—not only between but also within the cells—guide the shuttling of metabolites between the two compartments that operate the C4 cycle

 d.)  Bundle sheath cells surround the vascular tissue, while an outer ring of mesophyll cells is peripheral to the bundle sheath and adjacent to intercellular spaces and the percolates metabolites are transfer to the whole plant cell by vascular tissue

 Find out the correct statements of Krantz anatomy

#Question id: 11057

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Bombardier beetles release an explosive mixture of quinones and hydrogen peroxide from glands at the end of their abdomen when disturbed by grasshopper mice and other predators. This is an example of what kind of defense against predation?

#Question id: 11058

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

The pufferfish, a common marine fish, has extensive spines that extend outward when it swallows water, becoming several times its normal size. This is an example of what kind of defense against predation?

#Question id: 11059

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A healthy, 45-year-old man is reading the newspaper. Which of the following muscles are used for quiet breathing?

#Question id: 11060

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A healthy, 25-year-old medical student participates in a 10-km charity run for the American Heart Association. Which of the following muscles does the student use (contract) during expiration?

#Question id: 11061

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The pleural pressure of a normal 56-year-old woman is approximately −5 cm H2O during resting conditions immediately before inspiration (i.e., at functional residual capacity). What is the pleural pressure (in cm H2O) during inspiration?

#Question id: 11062

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The alveolar pressure of a normal 77-year-old woman is approximately 1 cm H2O during expiration. What is the alveolar pressure during inspiration (in cm H2O)?