Following statements are regarding to gangliosides.

A. They are ceramides with attached oligosaccharides that include at least one sialic acid residue.

B. They are ceramides with attached oligosaccharides that include at least one phasphatidic acid residue.

C. Sialic acid gives gangliosides the negative charge at pH 7 that distinguishes them from globosides.

D. Gangliosides are primarily components of cell-surface membranes and constitute a significant fraction (6%) of brain lipids.

Which of the following combination is correct?

#Question id: 11753

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following is an important functional parameter of pain receptors?

#Question id: 11754

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Use the following clinical laboratory test results:

Urine flow rate = 1 ml/min

Urine inulin concentration = 100 mg/ml

Plasma inulin concentration = 2 mg/ml

Urine urea concentration = 50 mg/ml

Plasma urea concentration = 2.5 mg/ml

What is the net urea reabsorption rate?

#Question id: 11755

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following solutions when infused intravenously would result in an increase in extracellular fluid volume, a decrease in intracellular fluid volume, and an increase in total body water after osmotic equilibrium?

#Question id: 11756

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 65-year-old man has a heart attack and experiences cardiopulmonary arrest while being transported to the emergency room. The following laboratory values are obtained from arterial blood:

plasma pH = 7.12,

plasma PCO2 = 60mm Hg, and

plasma HCO3− concentration = 19 mEq/L.

Which of the following best describes his acid-base disorder?

#Question id: 11757

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following tends to decrease potassium secretion by the cortical collecting tubule?

#Question id: 11758

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa?