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#Question id: 12330


Elephants are not the most common species in African grasslands. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles
  1. Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community
  2. Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland.
  3. Elephants prevent drought in African grasslands.
  4. Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community.

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TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10527

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Based on their feeding behaviors, three major types of insect herbivores can be distinguished, which evades the constitutive defense;

A) Phloem feeders                                                                    i) caterpillars, grasshoppers, and beetles

B) Cell-content feeders                                                            ii) aphids and whiteflies

C) Chewing insects                                                                    iii) mites and thrips

Correctly match the feeding behaviour with its insects;

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10528

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The insect ingests plant tissue containing the fatty acids, an enzyme in the gut conjugates the plant-derived fatty acid to an insect-derived amino acid typically;

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10529

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Insects produces an elicitors molecules that is caeliferins at the wound site in Arabidopsis plant, which induces

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10535

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The insect ingests plant tissue containing the fatty acids, an enzyme in the gut conjugates the plant-derived fatty acid to an insect-derived amino acid to form an elicitor, When plants recognize elicitors from insect saliva induces some typical responses such as

a) Increasing Ca2+ levels in the cytosol and then activate an array of target proteins, such as calmodulin and other Ca2+-dependent protein kinases

b) In Arabidopsis, a calmodulin-binding transcriptional regulator called IQD1 was identified as an important mediator of defense responses against insect herbivory

c) overexpression of IQD1 in Arabidopsis activate the herbivore activity

d) IQD1 binds calmodulin, a major Ca2+-binding protein, in a Ca2+-dependent manner and subsequently inhibits the gene involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis

Which of the following combination from above statements is correct?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10536

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Hormonal interactions contribute to plant–insect herbivore interactions such as— ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In particular, ethylene appears to play an important role in this context, what will be the effect of ethylene when is applied alone and when is applied with other amino acids?

a) ethylene applied together with JA it seems to reduces defense responses

b) Ethylene appears to applied alone to plants, ethylene has little effect on defense-related gene activation

c) when ethylene applied together with JA it seems to enhance JA responses or defense responses are significantly increased

d) Ethylene appears to applied alone to plants, ethylene has more effect on defense-related gene activation

Which of the following combination is correct about ethylene effects?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 10537

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Given below some functions of the glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes. Which one is incorrect?