Arrange the steps of stages in PCR in correct order.

1. The region to be specifically amplified is made accessible within the complex DNA.

2. The double stranded DNA is denatured by heating the reaction mixture to above 90 degree Celsius.

3. A thermal cycler is used to incrementally decrease the annealing temperature.

4. Reaction mixture is then cooled to a temperature between 40 and 60 degree celsius.

#Question id: 448

#Biochemistry

During glycolysis, glucose 1-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate in two successive reactions: Glucose 1-phosphate -> glucose 6-phosphate DG'° = –7.1 kJ/mol Glucose 6-phosphate -> fructose 6-phosphate DG'° = +1.7 kJ/mol DG'° for the overall reaction is:

#Question id: 449

#Biochemistry

The standard free-energy changes for the reactions below are given. Phosphocreatine -> creatine + Pi DG'° = –43.0 kJ/mol ATP ->  ADP + Pi DG'° = –30.5 kJ/mol What is the overall DG'° for the following reaction? Phosphocreatine + ADP -> creatine + ATP

#Question id: 450

#Biochemistry

The DG'° values for the two reactions shown below are given.

Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + H2O -> citrate + CoASH DG'° = –32.2 kJ/mol

Oxaloacetate + acetate    ->   citrate DG'° = –1.9 kJ/mol

What is the DG'° for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA?

Acetyl-CoA + H2O -> acetate + CoASH + H+

#Question id: 451

#Biochemistry

The standard reduction potentials (E'°) for the following half reactions are given.

Fumarate + 2H+ + 2e– -> succinate E'° = +0.031 V

FAD + 2H+ + 2e– -> FADH2 E'° = –0.219 V

If you mixed succinate, fumarate, FAD, and FADH2 together, all at l M concentrations and in the presence of succinate dehydrogenase, which of the following would happen initially?

#Question id: 452

#Biochemistry

E'° of the NAD+/NADH half reaction is –0.32 V.  The E'° of the oxaloacetate/malate half reaction is –0.175 V.  When the concentrations of NAD+, NADH, oxaloacetate, and malate are all 10–5 M, the “spontaneous” reaction is:

#Question id: 453

#Biochemistry

Which statement does not explain why many biochemical processes are carried out via multi-step pathways rather than by single-step reactions (or only a few steps)