Match the PCR step in Column I with the correct temperature range or characteristic in Column II.

Column I (PCR Step)	Column II (Condition / Event)
A. Denaturation	1. ∼72 °C; Optimum for Taq polymerase activity
B. Annealing	2. ∼94 °C; Hydrogen bonds break to separate DNA strands
C. Extension	3. ∼4 °C; Short-term storage after cycling
D. Final Hold	4. ∼50–65 °C; Primers bind to the template

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#Question id: 40204

#Applied Microbiology

Match the PCR component in Column A with its specific function in Column B

Column A (Component)	Column B (Function)
1. dNTPs	A. Provides the starting point for DNA synthesis
2. Primers	B. Building blocks for the new DNA strand
3. Buffer	C. Maintains pH and salt conditions
4. Template DNA	D. Contains the target region to be amplified

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#Question id: 40205

#Applied Microbiology

Read the following statements regarding PCR and choose the correct option.

Statement I: DNA synthesis during PCR always proceeds in the 3' ---------5' direction.

Statement II: If the annealing temperature is set too low, it often leads to non-specific binding of primers and amplification of incorrect products. 

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#Question id: 40206

#Applied Microbiology

Assertion (A): Taq polymerase is preferred over normal DNA polymerases (like E. coli DNA Pol I) for PCR.

Reason (R): Taq polymerase has a proofreading activity (3'-------5'exonuclease) that ensures zero errors during amplification.

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#Question id: 40207

#Environmental Science

Assertion (A): The pH of normal rain is considered to be exactly 7.0 (Neutral).

Reason (R): Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere dissolves in raindrops to form weak carbonic acid.

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#Question id: 40208

#Environmental Science

Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2006, "Category A" projects require clearance from the Central Government (MoEFCC).

Statement II: "Category B" projects do not require any Environmental Clearance from either State or Central authorities.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:

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#Question id: 40209

#Applied Microbiology

The process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy released by the flow of protons (H⁺) across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient is known as: