Read the following statements regarding the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts.

Statement I: The splitting of the water molecule takes place on the inner side of the membrane, releasing protons (H⁺) into the lumen of the thylakoid. 

Statement II: The enzyme NADP reductase is located on the stroma side of the membrane, and its activity removes protons from the stroma.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

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#Question id: 37968

#Plant Biotechnology

Assertion (A): In cereals like rice and wheat, the choice between embryo or callus formation can be manipulated. 

Reason (R): Modifying the medium composition in these species can induce either embryos or calli.

Select the correct option from:

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#Question id: 37969

#Plant Biotechnology

Statement I: Cold treatment (3–6°C) helps in retarding the aging of the anther wall, thereby allowing more microspores to switch from gametophytic to sporophytic development.

Statement II: Maize responds best to standard cold treatment temperatures of 3–6°C rather than higher temperatures like 14°C

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#Question id: 37970

#Plant Biotechnology

Statement I: Hot treatment (e.g., 30°C for 24h) in Brassica stimulates embryogenesis by causing the dissolution of microtubules and displacement of the spindle.

Statement II: This thermal shock leads to normal division of the microspore nucleus.

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#Question id: 37971

#Plant Biotechnology

Statement I: Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) treatment increases haploid production by inducing multinucleated pollen grains.

Statement II: Pollen grains induced by Ethrel treatment are characterized by having a high density of starch grains.

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#Question id: 37972

#Plant Biotechnology

Statement I: Commitment to androgenesis is achieved mainly by the overexpression of pollen maturation ('late') genes.

Statement II: In wheat, the synthesis of a metallothionein-like protein during induction is regulated by Abscisic Acid (ABA).

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#Question id: 37973

#Plant Biotechnology

Statement I: In cereal species like rice and wheat, modifying the medium composition can determine whether the cell mass forms an embryo or a callus.

Statement II: The formation of a callus versus a globular embryo is strictly dependent on the temperature and cannot be influenced by the species type.