Addition of urea leads to a two-state transition between α-helix and random coil conformation. It has been observed that [θ]222 of the polypeptide is -11000 deg cm2 dmol-1 in the presence of 6M urea. Initially it was observed that tile values of mean residue ellipticity at 220 nm ([θ]220) are -36000, and +4000 deg cm2 dmol-1 for α-helix, and random coil conformations of this polypeptide. The percentage of the polypeptide in α-helix conformation is:

#Question id: 11188

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question.

The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label ________.

#Question id: 11189

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question.

At label ________, the cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are inactivated or becoming inactivated, and many potassium channels have opened.

#Question id: 11190

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.

#Question id: 11191

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to ________.

#Question id: 11192

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by ________.

#Question id: 11193

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Conduction and refractory periods (states) are typical of ________.