A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

If the duplicate is redundant and does not provide a fitness benefit, it will be lost by deletion or the accumulation of loss of-function mutations.

A second fate is that a duplicate can simply retain its original function.

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#Section 2: General Biology

Plant glutamine synthetase (GS) and NADH‐dependent glutamate synthase (NADH‐GOGAT) are responsible for the initial massimilation of ammonia into organic compounds

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#Section 2: General Biology

In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms. In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred between atoms.

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#Section 2: General Biology

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Once the ER signal sequence emerges from the ribosome, it is bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP)