Most protein-encoding genes, the synonymous rate of change is considerably higher than the nonsynonymous rate because synonymous mutations are tolerated by natural selection

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9275

#Section 2: General Biology

NodD proteins interact directly with the signals generated by the plants and activates most conserved Nod ABC genes in bacteria

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9276

#Section 2: General Biology

NodA is an N-acyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of a fatty acyl chain.

NodB is a chitin-oligosaccharide deacetylase that removes the acetyl group from the terminal nonreducing sugar.

NodC is a chitin-oligosaccharide synthase that links N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monomers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9277

#Section 2: General Biology

Nod factor is b-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine backbone

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9278

#Section 2: General Biology

Type III/Type IV secretion systems play a major role in transfer of bacterial Nod factor in plant cell. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9279

#Section 2: General Biology

The binding of Nod factors to the Nod factor receptors (NFRs), which contain extracellular LysM motifs, initiates an interaction with the conserved SYMRK receptor-like kinases containing a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9280

#Section 2: General Biology

The interaction between NFR and SYMRK initiates calcium spiking in the nucleus, presumably via a second messenger molecule.

Core symbiotic genes are activated.

Cytokinin signaling is initiated.