TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8964

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

A third fate that can befall a duplicated gene is neofunctionalization. Here the duplicate evolves a novel biological function. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8960

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Duplicate gene and its parental copy can subfunctionalize so that each carries out only some of the roles that the ancestral gene performed. 

Ex- a duplicate of the β-hemoglobin locus is expressed in the fetus. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2243

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

The loci that encode hemoglobins are members of a gene family, which is a set of loci that arose by duplication.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8966

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Molecular Variation (Rate) - Which is the number of substitutions taking place per nucleotide site per year

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2234

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Nucleotide changes, particularly those at the third position of the codon, that do not alter the amino acid sequence are called synonymous substitutions.

Nucleotide changes in a gene that alter the amino acid sequence of a protein are referred to as non-synonymous substitutions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8965

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Most protein-encoding genes, the synonymous rate of change is considerably higher than the nonsynonymous rate because synonymous mutations are tolerated by natural selection