Baby hamster kidney cells are immobilised in alginate beads. The average particle diameter is 5 mm. Rate of oxygen consumption at a bulk concentration of 8 x 10 ^-3 kg 0 2 m ^-3 is 8.4 x 10 ^-5 kg s^- 1 m^-3 catalyst. The effective diffusivity of oxygen in the beads is 1.88 x 10^ -9 m 2 s^- 1. Assume that the oxygen concentration at the surface of the catalyst is equal to the bulk concentration, and that oxygen uptake follows zero-order kinetics. calculate the observable Thiele modulus. 

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#Question id: 3300

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

In a population individuals having heterozygous phenotype are more favored than either homozygous, under such condition-

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#Question id: 1956

#Section 2: General Biology

Which of the following is the autoimmune condition with the single most profound genetic association?

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#Question id: 14621

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

a chromatographic separation of a two component samples on 50 cm column gave the retention times for the solutes A and B as 2.5 and 3.1 minutes with base widths of the two chromatographic peaks being 0.24 and 0.3 min respectively. Calculate plate height 

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#Question id: 1412

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Which technique is the best for identifying which genes are upregulated and which are downregulated when cancer cells in culture are treated with taxol?

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#Question id: 13055

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Precision will be reduced, but yield will be increased

Optimisation of a PCR reaction is often a compromise between the competing demands for precision, efficiency and yield. Although the specific effects may vary, generally, increasing the annealing temperature will increase non-specific primer binding and reduce precision. Increasing the length of the elongation phase will reduce the proportion of incomplete newly-synthesised strands and therefore increase yield. In this case, the potential effect on efficiency is unclear. Increasing the elongation phase would increase the reaction time, but the time taken to ramp down to a lower annealing temperature would be reduced.

Which of the following will provide least specific amplification in qPCR?