In some cells, there are many ion electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane even though there are usually only one or two proton pumps present in the membrane. The gradients of the other ions are most likely accounted for by:

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#Question id: 27355

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

How does the guide RNA help the cell know where to cut the DNA?

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#Question id: 27356

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

What is the role of the guide RNA?

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#Question id: 27359

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

A double reciprocal plot was created from the specific growth rate and limiting-substrate concentration data obtained from a chemostat experiment. A linear regression gave values of 1.25 h and 100 mg hL-1 for the intercept and slope, respectively.

(a) The respective values of the Monod kinetic constants μm (h-1) and K. (mg L-¹) are as follows:

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#Question id: 27360

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

The same culture (with the m and K, values as computed above) is cultivated in a 10 L chemostat being operated with a 50 mL min-1 sterile feed containing 50 g L-1 of substrate. Assuming an overall yield coefficient of 0.3 (g- DCW) (g- substrate), the respective values of the outlet biomass and substrate concentrations are

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#Question id: 27361

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

A continuous stirred tank bioreactor produces 48 kg lysine.day-1. If the volumetric productivity is 2 g.l-1.h-1, the volume of the reactor is:

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#Question id: 27362

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Continuous stirred tank fermenter is characterized by (biomass concentration X kg/m3, residual substrate is S kg/m3, Sf=substrate concentration in feed kg/m3, Dilution rate = D and µm>>D and Km<Sf, XD= the biomass productivity kg/m3h. If the dilution rate is doubled to 2D then the new steady state values in comparison with earlier steady state is characterized by