Precision will be reduced, but yield will be increased

Optimisation of a PCR reaction is often a compromise between the competing demands for precision, efficiency and yield. Although the specific effects may vary, generally, increasing the annealing temperature will increase non-specific primer binding and reduce precision. Increasing the length of the elongation phase will reduce the proportion of incomplete newly-synthesised strands and therefore increase yield. In this case, the potential effect on efficiency is unclear. Increasing the elongation phase would increase the reaction time, but the time taken to ramp down to a lower annealing temperature would be reduced.

Arrange in the order of their increasing capacity:

#Question id: 105

#Section 2: General Biology

Isoprenoids are lipids which neither contain nor are derived from fatty acids and include

A) steroids.

B) waxes.

C) terpenes.

#Question id: 3364

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Which of the following equations represents the corresponding equilibrium for a locus with three alleles p, q and r of diploid individuals? (P, Q and R represent the frequencies of p, q and r, respectively)

#Question id: 14921

#Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

The greatest and least value of  

#Question id: 15501

#Section 4: Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

#Question id: 14233

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Nutrient medium is to be heated from 10⁰C to 28⁰C is a single-pass countercurrent shell-and-tube heat exchanger before being pumped into a fed-batch fermenter. Medium passes through the tubes of the exchanger; the shell-side fluid is water which enters with flow rate 3 x 10^4 kg h^- 1 and temperature 60⁰C pre-heated medium is required at a rate of 50 m^3 h^-1. The density, viscosity and heat capacity of the medium are the same as water; the thermal conductivity of the medium is 0.54 Wm^- 1 ⁰C ^- 1. It is proposed to use 30 steel tubes with inner diameter 5 cm; the tubes will be arranged in line. The pipe wall is 5-mm thick; the thermal conductivity of the metal is 50 Wm^- 1 ⁰C ^- 1. The maximum linear shell-side fluid velocity is estimated as 0.15 m s^-1. Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient._________