Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

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#Question id: 14776

#Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

A single letter is selected at random from the word “PROBABILITY”. The probability that it is a vowel is

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#Question id: 13057

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Precision will be reduced, but yield will be increased

Optimisation of a PCR reaction is often a compromise between the competing demands for precision, efficiency and yield. Although the specific effects may vary, generally, increasing the annealing temperature will increase non-specific primer binding and reduce precision. Increasing the length of the elongation phase will reduce the proportion of incomplete newly-synthesised strands and therefore increase yield. In this case, the potential effect on efficiency is unclear. Increasing the elongation phase would increase the reaction time, but the time taken to ramp down to a lower annealing temperature would be reduced.

How primer concentration leads to decrease in PCR efficiency?

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#Question id: 14285

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Match the transport process with appropriate time constants given below 

Transport process                       time constants

1. Oxygen transfer                     p. V/Q

2. Heat transfer                      q. 4V(1.5ND3)

3. Flow                                     r. VpCp/UA

4. Mixing                              s. 1/KLa 

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#Question id: 1810

#Section 2: General Biology

Allelic exclusion is not seen for:

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#Question id: 20602

#Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

The function of the proportional integral derivative mode is to ____________ ?