Individual A can derive fitness benefit of 220 units by helping Individual B, but incurs a fitness cost of 50 units in doing so following Hamilton’s rule, which of the following relation is not apply for altruism?

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#Question id: 4708

#Section 2: Evolution

The following questions refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata?

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#Question id: 10591

#Section 2: Evolution

The following figure shows distribution pattern of species. 

Based on the above, which of the following distribution correct?

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#Question id: 11656

#Section 1: Ecology

What is the assumption of Clements in colonizing successional  species?

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#Question id: 15722

#Section 2: Evolution

The variation that arises is directed toward fixed goals, so that a species evolves in a predetermined direction by some kind of internal drive, without the aid of natural selection. This hypothesis is known as,

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#Question id: 10621

#Section 1: Ecology

One life history trait that is not characteristic of very small sized organisms is