T-independent response

Type 1 T-independent (TI-1) antigens bind to B cells through both Ig and innate immune receptors. LPS from Gram negative organisms binds to B cells via both mIg and TLR, resulting in signaling from both receptors. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10013

#XL - T Zoology

In the absence of Hh,

Ptc inhibits Smoothened and then degraded in proteasomes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10014

#XL - T Zoology

Transcription Factor

zinc-finger transcription factor Cubitis interruptus

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10015

#XL - T Zoology

A cytosolic complex contains

kinases Fused ; PKA, GSK3β, and CK1, Ci, and SUFU

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10016

#XL - T Zoology

Cytosolic complex is bound to a microtubule by the kinesin-related motor protein Costal-2 (Cos2).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10017

#XL - T Zoology

In this complex, Ci becomes phosphorylated in a series of steps catalyzed by PKA, GSK3β, and CK1.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10018

#XL - T Zoology

The phosphorylated Ci is proteolytically cleaved by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, generating an N-terminal fragment Ci75, which functions as a transcriptional repressor of Hh target genes.