T-independent response

Type 1 T-independent (TI-1) antigens bind to B cells through both Ig and innate immune receptors. LPS from Gram negative organisms binds to B cells via both mIg and TLR, resulting in signaling from both receptors. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9329

#XL - T Zoology

The entire process of rhodopsin phosphorylation and its inactivation by arrestin is fast completed within 50ms. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9330

#XL - T Zoology

Phosphorylated rhodopsin is restored to its light-sensitive state (R) during dark adaptation by a specific rhodopsin phosphatase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9331

#XL - T Zoology

In the dark, most transducin is localized to the outer segment, while most arrestin is found in other parts of the cell; in this condition, vision is most sensitive to very low light levels.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9332

#XL - T Zoology

In bright light, little transducin is found in the outer segment, and abundant arrestin is found there; in this condition,vision is relatively insensitive to small changes in light.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9333

#XL - T Zoology

An evolutionarily conserved family of receptor serine kinases - TGF-β receptor family

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9334

#XL - T Zoology

An evolutionarily conserved family of signaling molecules, TGF-β superfamily includes: 

TGF-β family, Nodal and activin families, BMPs, Vg1 family, GDNF, AMH