III. Vascular plants  (pteridophyta)

EVOLUTION OF LEAVES

spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

In terms of size and complexity, leaves can be classified as either microphylls or megaphylls

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Survivorship curves 

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Population can be defined as a group of interbreeding individuals occupying the same area at the same time.

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Spatial structure - The pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population.

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Population distributions have five important characteristics

Geographic range

Abundance

Density

Dispersion

Dispersal