Anomalous secondary growth

Several dicotyledons show secondary growth that is different from normal  secondary growth. The deviating methods of secondary thickening are called  abnormal or anomalous secondary growth. 

e.g., Bougainvillea (Dicot)

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Principal function of all 3 human TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1, 2, and 3:

Prevent cell proliferation by inducing the synthesis of p15 INK4B

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Monomeric active forms of all members of the TGF-β family (3 conserved intramolecular disulfide Linkages) contain a conserved cysteine residue that forms a disulfide bond links TGF-β monomers into functional homodimers

and heterodimers

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TGF-β is synthesized with a, 

250-residue N-terminal prodomain

∼110-residue C-terminal TGF-β domain

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N-terminal prodomain is required for proper folding and dimerization of the C-terminal TGF-β domain.

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TGF-β latency

In the Golgi prodomain is proteolytically cleaved from the mature growth factor but remains noncovalently attached even after secretion.

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Prodomain prevents the latent TGF-β 

from binding to a cell-surface receptor.