The nonvolatile terpene antiherbivore compounds are the limonoids, a group of triterpenes (C30) well known as bitter substances in citrus fruit.

The most powerful deterrent to insect feeding known is azadirachtin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9791

#XL - R Botany

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9792

#XL - R Botany

Effect of light is Photomorphogenesis

 A decrease in the rate of stem elongation

The beginning of apical-hook straightening

The initiation of the synthesis of pigments

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9793

#XL - R Botany

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9794

#XL - R Botany

Phytochromes are photoreceptors that absorb red and far-red light most strongly (600–750 nm)

they also absorb blue light (350-500 nm) and UV-A radiation (320–400 nm).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9795

#XL - R Botany

The amount of light is referred to as the fluence, which is defined as the total number of photons impinging on a unit surface area. Total fluence = fluence rate × the length of time

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9796

#XL - R Botany

Bacterial phytochrome-like proteins (BphPs) regulate the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus in Rhodopseudomonas