Quadrats- A square frame often, but not always, measuring 50 × 50 cm.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9407

#XL - T Zoology

Foraging Behavior - The Search for Food

Optimizing its foraging behavior

1. When the difference between the energetic benefits of food consumption  and the energetic costs of food gathering is maximized.

2. Animals with optimal foraging strategies will have more available energy with which to survive and reproduce.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9408

#XL - T Zoology

Group Living Has Advantages and Disadvantages

When animals live together in groups such as flocks or herds

Disadvantage- Group promote competition for food and increased transmission of parasites and other diseases.

Advantage - Benefits relate to group defense against predators through increased vigilance and through protection in numbers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9409

#XL - T Zoology

Many eyes hypothesis‐ By living in groups, individuals may decrease the amount of time each spends scanning for predators and increase the time they have to feed. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9410

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9411

#XL - T Zoology

Sexual selection is selection that promotes traits that will increase an organism’s mating success.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9412

#XL - T Zoology

Sexual dimorphism can evolve when selection favors the expression of a trait to be different in males and females. 

This situation is called sexually antagonistic selection, because an increase in the trait’s expression benefits one sex but harms the other.