The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation:

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#XL - R Botany

Phloem feeders activate the salicylic acid signaling pathway, as similar to pathogen infections.

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Mp10 and Mp42 are effector produced by aphid Myzus persicae.

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When plants recognize elicitors from insect saliva, An increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) is an early signal that mediates insect elicitor–induced responses.

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In Arabidopsis, a calmodulin-binding transcriptional

regulator called IQD1 mediates of defense responses against insect herbivory. IQD1 binds calmodulin, a major Ca2+-binding protein

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JA initiates biosynthesis of defense proteins as a-amylase inhibitors. Most of these proteins interfere with the herbivore digestive system.

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Plant species produce lectins, defensive proteins that bind to carbohydrates or carbohydrate-containing proteins.