Muscle cells have an abundant, modified smooth ER called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The release and reuptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum trigger myofibril contraction and relaxation, respectively

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10322

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Sometimes the tumor cells up-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL-2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10323

#XL - Q Biochemistry

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10324

#XL - Q Biochemistry

PD-1 has a structure similar to CTLA-4 and when activated negatively regulates T-cell function by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10325

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Immune Checkpoint Molecules to Treat Cancers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10326

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10327

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Engineering T cells contain specially engineered T cell receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors, and the modified cells are called CAR T cells