The ER captures selected proteins from the cytosol as they are being synthesized. These are of two types:

Transmembrane proteins

Water-soluble proteins

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NF-κB pathway is activated by:

components of bacterial or fungal cell walls or segments of bacterial DNA bind to Toll-like receptors

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NF-κB pathway is activated by:

TNFα and IL-1, released by immune cells in response to infection.

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NF-κB stimulates expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP, Bcl-XL, A1/Bfl-1, c-IAP, XIAP, TRAF1, and TRAF2.

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In certain immune cells, NF-κB stimulates expression of iNOS (inducible isoform of the enzyme that produces NO), which is toxic to bacterial cells

TLS Online TPP Program

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In resting cells,

NF-κB binds directly to an inhibitor called I-κBα