Richard hypothesis 

d/w = resource separation ratio.

d/w < 1, species cannot coexist;

1 < d/w < 3, there will be some competition between species

d/w > 3, species coexist harmoniously

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Sphingosine itself can be phosphorylated to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inside cells. 

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The amino group at C-2 bears a fatty acid in amide linkage.

The fatty acid is usually saturated or monounsaturated, with 16, 18, 22, or 24 carbon atoms.

Ceramide is the parent compound for this group.

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#Id: 8110

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Archaea membrane lipids are isoprene-based lipids.

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#Id: 8109

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A typical membrane lipid of archaea.

Diphytanyl moieties are 8 five-carbon isoprene groups condensed end-to-end.