Lys & Arg have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +2

2. pK1---------pK2 charge +1

3. pK2---------pKr charge 0

4. pKr---------14 charge -1

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Atoms are indivisible particles that can't be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

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Breaking a bond always require energy to be added to the molecule. Correspondingly, making a bond always releases energy.

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In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms. In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred between atoms.