Autophagy occurs in the following sequence of steps:

Induction by activation of mTOR complex 1

• Nucleation of autophagosome formation by ATG9

• Closure of the membrane cup to form autophagosome

• Fusion of the autophagosome with lysosomes, catalyzed by SNAREs.

• Digestion of the inner membrane and the lumenal contents of the autophagosome

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1973

#XL - T Zoology

T_x (total years lived) is calculated by summing the values of Lx in age class x and all subsequent (older) age classes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1974

#XL - T Zoology

Quadrate method

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1975

#XL - T Zoology

If this ratio R is equal to 1, then the population is randomly dispersed.

If R is significantly greater than 1, the population is evenly dispersed

If R is significantly less than 1, the population is clumped

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1976

#XL - T Zoology

Abundance- Its size—the total number of individuals in the population that exist with in a defined area.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1977

#XL - T Zoology

Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. D=N/S  

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1978

#XL - T Zoology

Crude density-Total number of individual divided by total area.