Autophagy can be either

• Nonselective autophagy

• Selective autophagy

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9620

#XL - T Zoology

HER3 (Erb-B3) can bind ligands but lacks a functional kinase domain and can signal only when heterodimerizes with HER2 (Erb-B2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9621

#XL - T Zoology

Kinase domains typically contain two regions:

N and C lobes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9622

#XL - T Zoology

Monomeric state of the EGF receptor,

activation loop is situated in the active site of the kinase near the interface of the N and C lobes, blocking the site’s activity; in this way the kinase is maintained in the inactive or “off” state

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9623

#XL - T Zoology

Asymmetric kinase dimer 

Receptor dimerization brings the kinase domains of the two subunits close together, so that the C lobe of one kinase domain binds to the N lobe of the other kinase domain

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9624

#XL - T Zoology

Two Mechanisms Down-Regulate Signaling from RTKs

1. Phosphotyrosine phosphatases

2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by degradation in lysosomes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9625

#XL - T Zoology

Unbound receptors are internalized at a relatively slow rate, on average once every 30 minutes, and are recycled rapidly to the plasma membrane so there is little reduction in the total number of surface receptors.